7. 
7.1  
7.1.1   
7.1.2     
7.1.3     
7.1.4  
7.1.5     
7.2    
7.2.1         
7.2.2   
7.2.3     
7.2.4     
7.2.5  
7.2.6     
7.3   
7.3.1      
7.3.2   
7.3.3   
7.3.4 
7.3.5   
7.3.6  
7.3.7 
7.3.8    
7.4 
7.4.1  
7.4.2  
7.4.3   
7.4.4   
7.4.5  
7.4.6  
7.4.7  
7.4.8 
7.4.9     

7. 


     ""             :   ʡ   .   ""  4 : " " "  " " "  "".

      ""   "F1"    ""    ""      "".        ""  "M"   .
          "" .



7.1  

                   .      : flac midi ac3, asf, asx, m3u, mp2, mp3, mp4, mpa, mpg, ogg, pls, wav, wax, wma, and wmv.            "avi"  "wmv"           .

                           .          .

     " "     ""   "".      " "       "F1- M".



7.1.1   

             .      .         .          : "" "" "" "/ "  "".           .
        ء             ء     .      " "   .
        "/ "       ء             .                   "    ".   "" ""  ""           "/ ".
                  "/ "    ѡ             .    ޡ  "F2- F3"         .


7.1.1.1  / 

       "/ "       .    "/ "           .      .    "/ ".     "/ "          .                    "   ".            .              "/ "                .      "/ "           .        .      "/ "      ""        .


7.1.1.2   ""   ""

       .  ""         ɡ   .  ""        ɡ   .      ""         ""    .                              (     )     .      "" (     )   "" (     )                .


7.1.1.3   

    ""   ɡ          .   ""     "".              " "    "".      ""             "".      ""          .      ""             .       "" .      ݡ     " //".


7.1.1.4   

    ""   ڡ     .      ""              .                   .                 .      ""    ""          .


7.1.1.5        

       " "     ""    " ".        ""       ǡ     " ".

    "/ "     ""    " ".     "" "" ""  ""       " " "" "-1"  "-4"    " ".

           ""  ""   .        "".      ""         .      "/ "            " ".


7.1.2     

          " "        .               " ".  " "  ""  " "     "m"  " ".    " "    "/ "         .
            : " "  " ".  "-4-5"  "-1-2"     .


7.1.2.1    

     " "    ѡ  ݡ     (  ʡ  ).                   : ":    ".     "-4"           .
         .             " ".    " "   - ( )  .   /             .
               ":    ". 


7.1.2.2    

     " "        .         :  ѡ  ݡ      ʡ     .                    "   0  0".

             : " 1   -   1/10"  " 1"          . "  -  "   . "1/10"      1          10 .


7.1.2.3  

                   MP3.    ""                .      ʡ   ""       " ".            .        .
      5    " "       .



7.1.2.4           

            " "  " "  :



1)       


 

-4
   
-1
   

" "     ""    .

 
 
 
 6
  
 3
  
 4-6
  
 1-3
  
 5-6
     
 2-3
     
 4
        
 1
        
 2   5
  
 3-4-5
 
 1-2-6
 
-  
 
-  
 
-1-3-4
 
-1-2-5
 
-4-5/-1-2
    ( )
-1-3-5-6
 " "




2)       

 

-4
   
-1
   
-4-6
   
-1-3
   

/   (    (/ )
-1-2
  

   
 
 
-1-4-5
     
 6
  
 3
  
 4-6
  
 1-3
  
 5-6
     
 2-3
     
 4
        
 1
        
 2   5
  
 3-4-5
 
 1-2-6
 
-  
 
-  
 
-1-3-4
 
-1-2-5
 
-4-5/-1-2
    ( )
-1-3-5-6
 " "


7.1.3     

       " "    "-m ( 1-3-4)".     "F2"     " ".      : "" "" "" "" " "  "".      ""        .  ""         .  ""     ""      .  ""            .  ""       .

7.1.3.1  

       ""    "-m ( 1-3-4)"   " "    ""  ""   "f ( 1-2-4)".      " " " " " " " " "  " "   " " " "    "  "".        "-4"  "-1".  ""     .              "-e ( 1-5)".   "-z ( 1-3-5-6)".    ɡ      " "  .


7.1.3.1.1   

       " "       .     ""  " "      " "  " ".          " "  " ".       " "      ac3, asf, asx, m3u, mp2, mp3, ogg, pls, wav, wax, wma, flac, midi and wmv.             ""                 .          " "   ""               "".        ǡ  "".
        " "       .     "/ /".      " "   "-o ( 1-3-5)"    " ".


7.1.3.1.2  

     " "                 .     ""  " "   ""    "-f ( 1-2-4)"    " "    " ".   " "      " ".                 " ".     " ".  ""      " "   "-1"  "-4"    .           (    )  ""   .  " "      .      ""   .      .        "".                       .


7.1.3.1.3   

      " "      .     ""  " "   ""    " -o ( 1-3-5)"    " "         " ".           "" (    " ")              .           .         ʡ    "/ "          .     ""  ""   "".       ""     7.1.3.2.1.


7.1.3.1.4   

      " "          .     ""  " "   "" (   " -f ( 1-2-4)"    " ء        " ".         ""                 .      .            "/ "           ""  ""   "".      "".


7.1.3.1.5   

      "  "      .     ɡ    "-m ( 1-3-4)"   ""   "  "   ""      "s ( 2-3-4)".     :-i ( 2-4)"    " ".

       " "    "  "    "   ". 
   "   "      ɡ                 .         " ".


7.1.3.1.6    

      "   "          .         "-m ( 1-3-4)"   ""   "   "   ""      "l ( 1-2-3)".     "-s ( 2-3-4)"    " ".

      "   "     "   ".     " " " "  ""  "".        " :".         " ("-4-5")"  "- ("-1-2")".
          "m3u".      "/ /".

        ϡ     .         |, \, <, >, ?, :, *.        " "   "- (-1-2)".              " ".

7.1.3.1.7  

                  " "   "-1"  "-4" .     " "   "-m ( 1-3-4)"  ""  "".     " "   "-4"     "".     "-d ( 1-4-5)"         " ".          " "   ""     .    "*"     .     ""            "*".            .  "-b ( 1-2)"     . "--b ( 1-2)"   .     "-4"  "-1"    .        "-d ( 1-4-5)"  .


7.1.3.1.8  

   " "   ""        :  ڡ .   " "  ""  " "   ""   "-T ( (-2-3-4-5)"   .
  " "   ʡ   "".      " (F3   -4 -5 )"  "  (F3    -1 -2)".        " -1"  " -4". 
    "" "" "" "" "  " "" " " " "  "".     ʡ      ""   ""   " E ( -1-5)".


7.1.3.1.9    

      "   "     .     ""  "   "   ""    "-u ( 1- 3-6)"    " "   .                ""       .


7.1.3.1.10 

      " "   ""   ""    "-z ( 1-3-5-6)"    " ".           (    )    " "  " ".


7.1.3.2 

     ""          .       "-m ( 1-3-4)"   " ".   "-4".        " (p)->".   ""    "".            "-4"  "-1" .       " "  "-e ( 1-5)".  "-z ( 1-3-5-6)"         " ".             .


7.1.3.2.1 

      ""  ""             .      ""    " "         .

7.1.3.2.2  

    " "   ޡ    .        " 3"    " ".

7.1.3.2.3  

               .     " 6"    " "   .

7.1.3.2.4  5 

             .     " 2-3"    " "   .

7.1.3.2.5  5 

             .        " 5-6"    " ".

7.1.3.2.6  

           .        " 1-3"    " .

7.1.3.2.7  

           .        " 4-6"    " ".

7.1.3.2.8    

        .      0  10.        "-   ()"  "-   ()"    " ".        " "      ""    2.4.       " "  5      " "     10     5.       " "    5      2.5.

7.1.3.2.9    

           .     -2  8.        " 3-4-5"  " 1-2-6"    " ". " 3-4-5"     ʡ  " 1-2-6"     .

7.1.3.2.10  

         .                     .        ""    " ".

7.1.3.2.11 

         .        " "    " ".

7.1.3.3 

          "".    ""     "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"   " ".  "-4"    " (r)"    ""     "r ( 1-2-3-5)".           "".         "-r ( 1-2-3-5)"    " ".   ""     ""  .          "-4-5"  "-1-2".            ""     .            .

7.1.3.3.1   /

                       .                         .        :  ݡ      .                .       :      ʡ  .                  (   " "     " "    7.1.3.6.2).       ɡ        .        .            "-4"  "-1".

7.1.3.3.2 

      .        ""          .           " ".              .     record01.mp3, or record02.mp3  .       .      .       "/ //".            " ".         "-4-5"    " "   "".         ""       .      ""   ""     ""      .    "-4-5"   ""    ""    "".

7.1.3.3.3 

           .          ""         .            ""    ""   ""     .       " ".            ""     " "  ""   "-4-5" .

7.1.3.3.4 

        .     ""  ""               " ".     ""   ""              " ".          ""         .

7.1.3.3.5  

                 " ".     ""  " "     "/ "                     " "    " ".

7.1.3.3.6 

       ""  ""     " "          .

7.1.3.3.7 

       ""  ""               ""     " ".     ""  ""       .       ݡ     Ǻ  ""  ""    ""  "".    "-e ( 1-5)"  "-z ( 1-3-5-6)" .

7.1.3.4  

                    "".               .
         :

1.   
2.   
3.      
4.  
5.   
6.   
7.  

           "-4"  "-1".     "".

7.1.3.4.1   

          ݡ          .        ϡ            .
  ɡ

1.  "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"   ""   "-4".
2.  ""  "".
3.   "  "   "-4"   "".
4.   "-m ( 1-3-4)"   ݡ       .

7.1.3.4.2   

          ݡ                .
     ɡ

1.  "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"   ""   "-4".
2.  ""  "".
3.   "  "   "-4"  "".
4.     "-d ( 1-4-5)"         .

              ɡ        "       ".

7.1.3.4.3      

          ݡ                .
     ɡ

1.  "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"   ""   "-4".
2.  ""  "".
3.   "     "   "-4"  "".
4.     "-j ( 2-4-5)"         .

                       "       ".

7.1.3.4.4  

                          .
  ɡ

1.  "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"   ""   "-4".
2.  ""  "".
3.   " "   "-4"  ""
4.     "-g ( 1-2-4-5)"   ݡ        .
5.       " : 0 ".
6.         "".          ""    ":"    .       1   20    "1" ""  ":" "20" .    80   "80" .     ""  ":"         .

                      "   "      .

7.1.3.4.5   

                    .

1)        ʡ  "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"  .
2)   "-1"  "-4"    "".
3)  ""   "a ( 1)".
4)   "-1"  "-4"    "   ".
5)  "".    ɡ   " -p ( 1-2-3-4)"        .
6)       "   : XX".
7)        .      0  99.
8)  "".
9)         .

7.1.3.4.6   

                 .                 .
          .

           :
1)     "-p ( 1-2-3-4)"         .
2)     "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"      "-4".  ""  "".   "  "   "-4" "".
3)  "  "   .
4)     "-p ( 1-2-3-4)"       .
         " "  .
1)   ""          .
2)      ""        .
           ""    .

:    ""         .              "".
      "  "               .   ʡ   " "   "".

7.1.3.4.7  

   "-e".     "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"   ""   "-4".  ""  "".   " "   "-4"  "".          .

7.1.3.5  

             .             .      ɡ      "-m ( 1-3-4)"   " "   "-4".     ""  " ".
    " "     .

7.1.3.5.1   

                 ""  " ".     "  "    "".        " -m ( 1-3-4)"   .    1000  .             .

7.1.3.5.2    

             " - 6"  " - 3".        .      "-m ( 1-3-4)"   " ".    ""  " ".   "  "  "  "  "".
            .

1.     ""  " ".     "   ".
2.  ""  "   ".   " -j ( 2-4-5)"   .
3.         "   :"  "".
4.        ɡ     "   :"      "  ".

7.1.3.5.3   

   .

1.      ""  " ".    "  ".
2.  ""  "  ".   " -d ( 1-4-5)"   .
3.            "   :"  "".
4.             "   :"      "  ".

7.1.3.5.4   

                      " -k ( 1-3)".       .      "-m ( 1-3-4)"   " ".    ""  " ".    "  "  "".
       "  "  " "  ""  "".         " (-4-5)"  "- (-1-2)".

        "  "  "  :    ".           "-1"  "-4".
           ""  "-d ( 1-4-5)"     ""   " (-4-5)".         ""       ""     " "   " (-4-5)".         .

             ""   ""   "-e ( 1-5)".

7.1.3.5 

                 .   ""  "-m ( 1-3-4)"   "   ".  "-4"     ""   "".     "s"   " ".     ""     : "" " " " "  " ".

7.1.3.5.1   

       ""      ""   " -c ( 1-4)"    " "     ""    :  "   "  " " "       :"  ""  "".          " ("-4-5")"  "- ("-1-2")".       "-1"  "-4".

    " "            /        .       ""     .    ""           /.        "".

    "       :"              .     ""        .      5 10 30 60 .     30                          30 .                ɡ     .              .

          ""   ѡ     ""   "-4-5" .            ǡ  "-e ( 1-5)"  "-z ( 1-3-5-6)".     ""   ""        .

7.1.3.5.2    

       ""  " "    "p ( 1-2-3-4)"   ""    " ".       "-4-5"  "-1-2"     ""  "".     " "  ""  " "  ""  " "  " ".  "-4"  "-1"         .         "-s ( 2-3-4)"    " ".

    " "            " ".   " "  " ".      ""  "".

    ""           .        ""              ""            .          ""  "".

       " ".        ʡ       ""       "".                                .    ""          .     ""    ""      .

    ""       .   ""              ""       .                ""    "   ".

    " "       .     1  10.    5.      ""  " ".           .

    " "      .      1.   "5 " "10 " "30 " " 1" "5 " "10 " "15 " "20 " "30 "  " 1".       ""  " ".
        " 2"  " 5"    .     " 2-5"      .
           " 1"  " 4"           .           1.     " 1"        1.     " 4"        1      .

           ""       ǡ     ""   "-4-5"  "-1-2" ѡ     "".             ""   "-e ( 1-5)"  "-z ( 1-3-5-6)".

7.1.3.5.3    

         " "   ""    " -s ( 2-3-4)"    " "       " "    " "  "  "  ""  " " " "  ""  "".        " ("-4-5")"  "- ("-1-2")".        "-1"  "-4".

   " "        .    "mp3".      "wav"  "mp3"   "".

           .    " "  ""              .                  .                                  .       "".   "mp3"  " "   16000   48000    " "   64K  320K.
     "wav"  " "   8000   44100    "  "    8  16 bits.
             " "   " ".            " "  " ".           " "   " ".

    " "           .    "/ //"      ""  " "     " ".        " ".
    ""  ʡ  "- e"       .

   :           . (    ԡ       ).

 : mp3
- 48000Hz 320K: 217h 55m
- 44100Hz 192K: 363h 45m
- 32000Hz 128K: 544h 48m
- 24000Hz 96K: 726h 25m
- 22050Hz 80K: 872h 27m
- 16000Hz 64K: 1089h 37m


 : wav

- 44100Hz: 49h 25m
- 22050Hz: 98h 50m
- 11025Hz: 197h 40m
- 8000Hz: 272h 25m

7.1.3.5.4   

 " -m ( 1-3-4)  "F2"    ء    ""   "".   " -4"   " ".  ""  " "   E.   " -e ( 1-5)  "  "  "  ".

    " "     :  "" "  " "" "  "   ""  ""  ""  "".       " ( -4-5)"  "  ( -1-2)".          " -1"  " -4".
    ""                  ҡ ߡ   .    ""  " -1"  " -4".        "".          " "   .
  "  "   ʡ        0  20.    ɡ     .
  ""     .        0  100.    ɡ    "".
 "  "  "".        0  100.    ɡ    "  ".
  ""      .        0  100.    ɡ    ".
  ""     .       0  100.    ɡ    .
 ߡ  "".        ʡ  " -e".



7.1.4  

7.1.4.1      

             "   "           18   .
          1       .             9  10.        18     .

7.1.5     

   1)     
    : -o ( 1-3-5)
    : -f ( 1-2-4)
    :  -o ( 1-3-5)
    :  -f ( 1-2-4)
     : -i ( 2-4)
      : -s ( 2-3-4)
    : -d ( 1-4-5)
      : -u ( 1-3-6)

   2)        
   :   
    :  3  
    :  6  
    5 :  2-3
    5 :  5-6
    :  1-3
    :  4-6
    : -  
    : -  
    :  3-4-5
    :  1-2-6
    /: ɡ  
   :    
     :  2   5
         :  4
         :  1
       : -d ( 1-4-5)

   3)       
      : -r ( 1-2-3-5)/  
   :  
    / : ɡ  
   :  
    /  : ɡ  
   :    

   4)      
     : -m ( 1-3-4)
     : -d ( 1-4-5)
      : -j ( 2-4-5)
     : -g ( 1-2-4-5)

   5)      
     :  -m ( 1-3-4)
      :  -j ( 2-4-5)
       :  - 3
       :  - 6
     :  -d ( 1-4-5)
     :  -k ( 1-3)

   6)      
     :  -c ( 1-4)
      : -s ( 2-3-4)
      :  -s ( 2-3-4)
      : -e ( 1-5)

   7)    
     " "  " "  " ": t ( 2-3-4-5)
       "" ""  "": r ( 1-2-3-5)
       "" "  "": s ( 2-3-4)


7.2    

       "  "                        .              .

             "  "     ""      "F1- r ( 1-2-3-5)"     .              .                      .        87.5    108  .


7.2.1         

             ʡ       .                .       ɡ  "- x ( 1-3-4-6)"   X   /   .

      :
1.  -m ( 1-3-4)     ""   ""   ""  "".
2.      "-e ( 1-5)"     .
3.          " : ".
4.  ""     ""  ""  "".

          :    .
         .                .

           ""    "-4"         " ".          ѡ "-  "      "-  "     .


7.2.2   

          ѡ    "-m ( 1-3-4)"  .   ""   "". 
  ""   :
1)  
2)  
3)   
4)   
5)   
      ѡ  "-1"  "-4".   ""    .

          " 2"           .     " 5"          .     " 6"    0.1  .     " 3"     0.1  .

         "-f ( 1-2-4)".     "-f ( 1-2-4)"   ѡ          ""    .

                   .                      "FM"   .         ""         ""     .


7.2.3     

             .   :

1.  "-m ( 1-3-4)"    ""  "  ".
2.    ""  " "  "-s  2-3-4)"   .
3.          ": ( )".
4.  "-4-5"  F3.
5.     ":".       .
6.  "-4-5"  F3   ""  "".

                  ": ( )".

               " 1"       " 4".                .

        ɡ        "-d ( 1-4-5)". :    ѡ         .

             .  "-m ( 1-3-4)"    ""  "  "   "  "   "".     "-m ( 1-3-4)"         .

          "  "  ""   ""  ""  "".         " (-4-5  F3)"  "- (-1-2  -F3)".
        ""     " "  .       .                  "-1"  "-4"   " (-4-5)"    ""  "".    "  ".    "  "    "  ".              "  ".
          ɡ           ""   " (-1-2)"   "".           ""   ""      "-e ( 1-5)".

                 .               "  ".

        ""   2    "  "           ""   2 .    ""   2       .
      ""   2     .


7.2.4     

        "-m ( 1-3-4)"  ɡ   " (r)"   "".    ڡ "- r ( 1-2-3-5)".           .

       :
1.   " ".
2.  " /"
3. " ""
4.  ""
           " (-4-5  F3)  "- (-1-2  -F3)".

           " "  "a ( 1)"          "".      ""  "g ( 1-2-4-5)   .  " "     .     ""   ""  "s ( 2-3-4)"     .
           "-4".          .
   |   "flashdisk/media/radio".        .               ߡ     ""  .       01            02 03 .
            .     ""   ""  "c( 1-4)"           .

 :         .

                 ""     .    ""        ҡ          .      ""       .

        ""               .      " "      " "   "".     ""    .    ""   ""          .

7.2.4.1   

           ǡ    :

1.  "-m ( 1-3-4)"    ""  "".
2.  ""  " ".   " -s ( 2-3-4)"   .
3.         " : mp3".
4.  "-4-5   " ".
5.  " :/ //".  "".
6.       .  " "        "-1"  "-4"    .
7.  ""     "".
8.    " : (   )".
9.   "-4-5"    ""  "".

             ɡ    .     .  "".      "wav"  "mp3". 
     "mp3"     " "   16000   48000    " "   64K  320K.
     "wav"     " "   8000   44100    "  "    8  18 bits.      ""  "".
            "-1"  "-4"         ""      .         ǡ  "-4-5"    ""  "".

       ɡ          .         .       .

7.2.5  

1.  
                ˡ   .    ɡ   "  ".   "-4"   ""  ""  " "  .           .        .

2. 
        "".     .   ""       .          ""            ""    .      ʡ                TTs.
	

7.2.6     

   : -e ( 1-5)
 : -m ( 1-3-4)  F2
/  : -x ( 1-3-4-6)
  :  6
  :  3
  :  2      
  :  5      
  : -f ( 1-2-4)
   :  1      
   :  4      
 : -s ( 2-3-4)      
   :     
   : -r ( 1-2-3-5)
 / :     
 :     
  :       
  :       
 : -  
 : -  


7.3   

                  .     (   ).                  .       3.0     .
               NLS BookShare   .
        :
 2.0/2.02/3.0  XML/   .
ANSI/NISO Z39.86 2002, 2005
 NLS: Z39.86 2002, 2005
  Bookshare.org Learning Ally Audio PLUS books NIMAS 1.1
DRM:   2006 PDTB2.
archive.org ( )

:        ѡ learning Ally  NLS        ʡ           .


7.3.1      


(1)           NLS:
        6.2             NLS     ɡ         (openlibrary.org/archive.org).      ʡ              NLS.

   :            NLS       (BRAD).       BRAD      NLS      : 
https://nlsbard.loc.gov/ApplicationInstructions.html


         NLS BRAD   :

1)          BRAD.
2)   "  ".
3)   "  "
4)      Ⱥ   " "   .
5)        .
6)        ߡ             .             .
7)         ߡ              ӡ            .
8)         ӡ        . (      .kxo)
9)    ޡ        . (      .kxo    .       ϡ          .)
10)    NLS.             .

      :
1)  "F1"    .
2)  h    .
3)  I     .
4)   "   ".
5)   5  6      " ".


(2)       Learning Ally:

   :            Learning Ally.                  www.learningally.org.

    Learning Ally UAK    :

1)       Learning Ally.
2)    " "    "   "      .
3)   "   "   ѡ     "    "-   ""   . :      Learning Ally   ߡ     "  ".
4)   " "    "   "   "".
5)   "   "    "  "     .
6)          "   (UAK)"  ""      .
7)       ߡ   "".


       :
1)  "F1"    "" .
2)  h    .
3)  I     .
4)  "-4" ( )   " "
5)   5  6      " ".

   UAK:
1)             Learning Ally.
2)              .
3)             .
4)    Learning Ally           Learning Ally.
5)      .
6)           Learning Ally.
7)        PIN   4    Learning Ally.   7323   .         ӡ       .

        ɡ       UAK               .

          Learning Ally:
1)        .
2)     "  "      "  "   "".
3)     "      Learning Ally"   "".
4)     "      "      "  "   "".
5)     "    "   "".
6)             .               .      "    "  "  QWERTY".    "   -1".
7)   ȡ      .       .
:             .         ȡ         SD          ɡ           ɡ       .
8)     "  "   ""         "  ".
9)     " "   ""   "  ".
10)                   "".

            Learning Ally          Learning Ally.



7.3.2   

     :
1)  ""  " "   ""      .
2)     "d ( 1-4-5)"   "".
           "F1- D ( -1-4-5)".
3)                (         ).
4)      "-1"  "-4".          ""   .
5)   ա       ա        .
6)              "" .
7)  ""  .

           ա      "" .     ""  .             .              .  ""  ϡ   ""   .          ϡ      .               ""          "-1"  "-4".
                      .       "- z ( 1-3-5-6)".           .   ""  ""  ""  " "   "".
             .                ء " ".
         ""   .       ""      .   ""         ""     .   ""        ""  "".              .
        "- m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2".    "" "" " "  "".       "-1"  "-4".    ɡ  "".


7.3.3   

          :
1. 
2. 
3. 
4.  
            " ("F3"  "-4-5")"  "- ("-F3"  "-1-2")".        ""                   .   ""  ɡ  ɡ    .       "-1"  "-4".    ""  " "  ""        .                   "".


7.3.4 

       ""     ϡ        .    ""   "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"    ""  "".     "f ( 1-2-4)". 
  ""   :
1.  
2.  
3. -
4 
         "-1"  "-4".       "".

7.3.4.1  

          " ".      "-m ( 1-3-4)    " ("-4-5")   " ".      "-o ( 1-3-5)"     "-m ( 1-3-4)".
     " "           . 
       " "        ""        .        ""            .
    ""     ""    " ".     "" "" ""  ""    " " "" "-1"  "-4"    " ".
            ""  ""     " ".         "".      ""         .      ""           " ".
               " ".


7.3.4.2  

    " "      .      :
1)  "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"  .
2)   " "    "".  "".   "s ( 2-3-4)" .
3)      " "   "-s ( 2-3-4)".

    " ".
  :
1.    (   :  +).
2.  
  1)  
  2)   
  3)    
3.  ""
4.  ""

            " (-4-5)"  "- (-1-2)".     " " " "  "  "  "   "  "-1"  "-4".

      "-e ( 1-5)  "-z ( 1-3-5-6)".


7.3.4.2.1   

       + .    "".      + .   ""      +.
       "-1" "-4".      "".   " (-4-5)"    "" "".
              "-t ( 2-3-4-5)".


7.3.4.2.2  

          ""   " ".      ""  .
      " "      .

1.  :  3-4-5
2.  :  1-2-6
3.   : -  
4.   : -  


7.3.4.2.3    

          NIMAS .    "".    ""  " ".

       ""          NIMAS .

     NIMAS    "" "" "" "  " "".          : ""  "img". "desc"   ""  "  ". "cap"  "". "tdt"  "".


7.3.5.3 - 

   "-"        .  "-M ( 1-3-4)"  ""  "".  "-4"     "-"  ""  "-".     "-"   "-i ( 2-4)".  "-"     "-"    .         "  "      "  "  "".         " (-4-5)"  "- (-1-2)".      " " " " " " " " " "  " ".      "  "  "  ".       "-1"  "-4".       ""  ""    .


7.3.4.4 

         "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"  ""  "".  "-4"     ""  ""  "".     "-z ( 1-3-5-6)"    "".      "   .   Ͽ   ""   ""            ""   ""     "".


7.3.5   

       ""               .     ""  "-m ( 1-3-4)"   "d ( 1-4-5)".
   ""   :
1. / 
2.  
3.  
4.  
5.  
6.   
7.  
8.  
9.   
10.   
         "-1"  "-4".           "".


7.3.5.1   

        "/ "   "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"    ""  "".   "-4"   "/ "   "".     "/ "      "".          "-1-2-3"  "-1-3".        "-4-5-6"  "-4-6".

7.3.5.2   

            "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"     ""  "".   "-4"   " "  " "  "".     ɡ ɡ  ɡ  ɡ      " 6" " 3" " 4"  " 1"  .
                   ""   ""   .         ""  ""         .


7.3.5.3   

            "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"   ""  "".   "-4"   " " " "  "  "  "".             "-3-4-5"  "-1-2-6"     .           "-g ( 1-2-4-5)".     "  "        "   "         .  ""       .


7.3.5.4   

            "-m ( 1-3-4)  "F2"    ""  "".   "-4"   " "  " "  "".            " 1"  " 5".      " 5-6)"  " 2-3".        3      1        1      1 .


7.3.5.5    

       .
1.          .
2.     ( + )     .

       "5 " "10 " "30 " "1 " "3 " "5 " "10 " "15 " "20 " "30 "  "1 ".

         :
1)  " 1-2".      " 1-2"          5 10  30 ɺ   30 .
2)     .

         :
1)  " 4-5".      " 1-2"         5 10  30 ɺ   30 .
2)     .

         .
1.   :  " 2-3-6".    "5 "      5 .
2.   :  " 3-5-6".    "5 "      5 .


7.3.5.6    

       .
1.          .
2.     ( + )     .

       "" "" ""  "".

         :
1)  " 1-2".      " 1-2"         "" "" ""  "".
2)     .

         :
1)  " 4-5".      " 4-5"         "" "" "" "".
2)     .

             :
1.   :  " 2-3-6".    ""     .
2.   :  " 3-5-6".    ""     .




7.3.6  

       " "               .    1000     .    " "   "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"     "m ( 1-3-4)".
       " "    : 
1.   
2.   
3.   
4.    
5.   
          "-1"  "-4".


7.3.6.1   

    "  "           .                    "  ".        ""  " "     "  "   "-4"     "".      "p ( 1-2-3-4)"  "  ".   ""  "  ".          "-3"     .

7.3.6.2   

    "  "           .                 "  ".        ""  " "     "  "   "-4"   "".      "n ( 1-3-4-5)"  "  ".   ""  "  ".          "-6"    .


7.3.6.3   

               .        "  ".         "-m ( 1-3-4)".        "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2".    ""  " ".  "-4"   "  "     "".    "m ( 1-3-4)"     " ".   " "   "   :."           1  1000.


7.3.6.4    

               "-6"  "-3"  / .            "-j ( 2-4-5)".           "-m ( 1-3-4)"    "F2".     "-4"   " "   "".     "j ( 2-4-5)"     " ".     "   "      "    :."         .               .


7.3.6.5   

         "  "   "-d ( 1-4-5)".        "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2".   "-4"   "  "  "".         "    "."              .                    "".


7.3.7 

       ""                   .    ""   "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"     "h ( 1-3-5)".
       :
1.  
2.  
3.  
4.  
5.  
6.  
7.   
8.   
            "-1"  "-4".


7.3.7.1   

               "".      ޡ     "-5" "-2" "-2-3"  "-5-6"  .

                     .                   .            ""  ""      .        .


7.3.7.2   

             .

         :
1)  "-h ( 1-2-5)"    .
2)  " : xx  : yy.     :".
3)        .
4)  "".
5)         .


7.3.7.3   

                "  "   "  "   "-f ( 1-2-4)".             " :"   " :"  ""  "".        " (- 4-5)"  "- (- 1-2)".
      " :"        .     ""  ""   " "    "".     ""   ""   .


7.3.7.4    

           (  )      .         " "  " "   "".

       (  "-m ( 1-3-4)"   "h ( 1-2-5")")      (   )   "-w ( 2-4-5-6)".            .   "-n ( 1-3-4-5)"          .     " "          .            ""  "" .            .        "-e ( 1-5)"  "-z ( 1-3-5-6)".         .


7.3.7.5   

                   .

        :
1)  "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"  .
2)  "".
3)  "-4"   "".
4)  ""  "".   "h ( 1-2-5)".
5)  " ".
6)  "-4"   "  ".
7)  ""  "  ".   "s ( 2-3-4)".

             "-s ( 2-3-4)".

     :  "  "    ".  "    "  .
1.  .
2.  .
3. .
4. .

           " (-4-5)"  "- (-1-2)".
            " ".      .  " (-4-5)"   " ".     "".         ""  "".     "".
   " "  "".   " (-4-5)"   "".  ""  "".        .

      "  "  ""  "".   "-z ( 1-3-5-6)".


7.3.8    


/ : 
   " -1-3  -1-2-3
   : -4-6  -4-5-6
 :  3-4-5
 :  1-2-6
   : -  
   : -  

  
   "  6      ""
   :  3      ""
    :  4
    :  1

  
   : -3-4-5
   : -1-2-6
  : -g ( 1-2-4-5)

  
 :  2
 :  5
  :  2-3
  :  5-6

  
   : -5      ""
   : -2      ""
   : -5-6
   : -2-3
    : -w ( 2-4-5-6)
       : -n ( 1-3-4-5)
   : -h ( 1-2-5)
  : -s ( 2-3-4)


  : -f ( 1-2-4)
  : -f ( 1-2-4)
 : -n ( 1-3-4-5)
 : -w ( 2-4-5-6)

  
     : -m ( 1-3-4)
    : -6
    : -3
  : -d ( 1-4-5)

  
   : -1-2-5-6
  : -o ( 1-3-5)
 : -s ( 2-3-4)
    : -t ( 2-3-4-5)
  : -i ( 2-4)



7.4 


                    .      ȡ      ʡ  .
  ȡ   ""    " -1"  " -4"   ""       " M( 1-3-4)".   ""   ""   ""    " Y( 1-3-4-5-6)".    ""       " F1- Y( 1-3-4-5-6)".


7.4.1  

   ""     "".   ""  8 : "" " " " " " " "" " " " " " ".
    ȡ  ""  ""            .    ""     7        .


7.4.2  

   ""  3  :   ""  ""   "".      " (F3  -4-5)"  "- (- F3   -1-2)".
  ˡ            ""       ""   "".    ˡ      ""   ""   " - E( 1-5)      "".
  ""   ˡ   ӡ "  ".       .


7.4.3   

   " "   :  " "  ""  "" (      2  )  ""     ""  ""  ""   ""  "".      " (F3  -4-5)"  "- (- F3   -1-2)".
          50  ˡ      " "  " -1"  " -4".    ɡ     ""       ""   "".
      ̡     .       ""  ""   ""        .    "  - N( -1-3-4-5)"        "  - P ( -1-2-3-4)"      .
       ""      .  ǡ         ""       " -1"  " -4"   ""      .          ϡ     ""   "".
  ϡ       ""       .  ""  ˡ       ""   "".
  " "     ""      ""   "".   " - E( 1-5).



7.4.4   

   ""   :   ""   ""   ""   ""   " "   ""  "" (       )  ""  " " (       )  " "  ""  ""  " "  " "  "    ".      " (F3  -4-5)"  "- (- F3   -1-2)".
  6                  ""    "".        ""   "".   " - E( 1-5)       "".
   ""  3  :     ""  ""   "".       " (F3  -4-5)"  "- (- F3   -1-2)".        "-1"  "-4"            1  5   "".       ""   "".         ""   ""    ""  " - E( 1-5)".
  ""           .  "-1"  "-4"      "".          " "   "".  ޡ      " "   "".   " - m( -1-3-4)"       "".
   " "  3  :   ""  ""   "".       " (F3  -4-5)"  "- (- F3   -1-2)".
           ѡ   ""        ""   "".
   ޡ      ""   ""    ""  " - E( 1-5)".
 " "          .  "-1"  "-4"     .     ɡ     ""       ""   "".
  ""        .           " "        " ".       " "    ""             .   ""       ""   "  - B( -1-2)".
  " "     .         " "   ""   "".   ""    .
              " "   ""   " - O( -1-3-5)".             "    ".            ɡ   .              "    "   ""   " - P( -1-2-3-4)".



7.4.5  


  ""  ""  : " / "  "".


7.4.5.1  / 


             .  ߡ    ʡ  ʡ     ɡ            .
     ա  " -M"  "F2"  ɡ   ""  "".   " "  "-4"   "".
   " "    :   " "   " "   "  "   "  "  " "   "".       " (F3  -4-5)"  "- (- F3   -1-2)".
             .  ""      "  "  "  "     .      " "   "".        ɡ   ӡ "   ".         ɡ     " ".
           ""   ""   " - E( 1-5)".           " ".       ߡ     " "       "".   ӡ "   "        "".

7.4.5.2 

     ""          "".    ""  " - z( 1-3-5-6)"   ""     "".



7.4.6  

  ""         .   ""   : "" "  " "  " " "  "".
   ɡ  " - m( 1-3-4)"   ""   "-4".        " (p) ->".  ""     "".        "-4"  "-1".    ""  " - E( 1-5)".         " - z( 1-3-5-6)".


7.4.6.1 

   ""  ""            .


7.4.6.2       

       . ǡ     0  10.         ""  "-    "  "-    ".       " "   " "      3.8.     " "  5      " "    10    5.      " "  5    5.

7.4.6.3  

       .                       .      ""    "".

7.4.6.4 

      .      " "    "".


7.4.7  

               .    ""                           .   ""  : "  "  " ".

 ""  " - m( 1-3-4)"  "F2"    ""  "-4"   "".


7.4.7.1   

         "".     ""  " - m( 1-3-4)"  "F2"    ""  "-4"   "".   "  "  "-4"   "".   "  "        "  - a( 1)".
  "  "    ɡ "  "     "   ".


7.4.7.2  

  ""  " - m( 1-3-4)"    ""  "-4"   "".   " "  "-4"   "".        ""  " - l( 1-2-3)".           .       :  ɡ  ""  ""   "".       " (-4-5)"  "- ( -1-2)".
  " "         "-1"  "-4"     "".  ɡ    ɡ       ""   "".    ""      ""   ""   " - E( 1-5)".


7.4.8 

  ""   "".                  .
  ""  " - m( 1-3-4)"     ""  "-4"   ""  "".          ""  " - R( 1-2-3-5)".
   ""  3  :     ""  ""   "".       " (F3  -4-5)"  "- (- F3   -1-2)".
 ߡ  "-1"  "-4"          ϡ   "".       ""   "".   ɡ      ""   ""   " - E( 1-5)".

7.4.9     

  : 
     :   - N( -1-3-4-5)
     :   - P ( -1-2-3-4)
  : 
 :  
  : -    
  : -    
 : R ( -1-2-3-5)
  : - E( 1-5)
 :  - m( -1-3-4)
 :  - O( -1-3-5)
     :  - P( -1-2-3-4)
  :   - a( 1)
   :  - l( 1-2-3)
:   - B( -1-2)
   :  ( -1-2-5-6)
 :  - R( 1-2-3-5).

