12. 
12.1    ( )
12.1.1  
12.1.2  
12.2    ( )
12.2.1  
12.2.2  
12.2.3  
12.2.4  
12.2.5   
12.2.6  
12.2.7  
12.2.8   


12. 


12.1    ( )

         .       !           .


12.1.1  

1)     ""    .    ""  ""   "G ( 1-2-4-5)"   .
2)  "d ( 1-4-5)"    "  "    4     ""  .
     " "       "F3 d ( -1-4-5)".


12.1.2  

         ().       3.
1)        - 1  - 4       .
2)           .
3)            .
4)           "    " .
5)  "-z ( 1-3-5-6)"  .       "".


12.2    ( )

    4     .        .    .    .


12.2.1  

1)       "".   ""      "G ( 1-2-4-5)".
2)      ""  "  "   "b ( -1-2)".
     "  "       "F3 -b ( -1-2)".


12.2.2  

    5     " 4   ( ɡ       )  "  ".         .      " ".


12.2.3  

           .  ""          .


12.2.4  

            .    1     3    .    .
     " "      .          .             .     10 .
     .     1  5  "     "      ""  . (      "  ")   "-e ( 1-5)  -z ( 1-3-5-6)"  .
  "    "    ""    .     ""    .

12.2.5   

            .    1     3    .    .
        " "       .          .             .


12.2.6  

         .        10 .       .       .   ""  "".           .
     " "          .          .             .     10 .


12.2.7  

          .    1           .    .
     " "        .          .             .

12.2.8   

         .     "  ".  -1    -4            .
     .  ɡ   ( ).     .    "  "  .


