.12 

                  .     (   ).                  .       3.0     .

       :
1)     ""  " "   "".
2)       "d ( 1-4-5)"     .
3)            (              ).
4)        "-1"  "-4".            ""   .
5)                    .
6)          "" .
7)      ""   .

                    ""    ".        ""  .                    .                .  ""       ""   .               .       ""            "-1"  "-4".                     .     "-z ( 1-3-5-6)"            ""  ""  ""  " ".        "-z ( 1-3-5-6)                 ""  ""   ""   " ".

           "-M ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"      .    "" "" " "  "".         "-1"  "-4"  ""      .

                .        ء              2.11 (  )         .                ""   .           ""      .            .

12.1    

          " " "" ""  " ".          " ("F3"  "-4-5")"  "- ("-F3"  "-1-2")".        ""                   .   ""  ɡ  ɡ    .       "-1"  "-4".    ""  " "  ""        .                   "".

12.2  

       ""     ϡ        .    ""   "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"    ""  "".     "f ( 1-2-4)".   ""   : " " " " "-"  "".       "-1"  "-4".       "".

12.2.1   

          " ".      "-m ( 1-3-4)    " ("-4-5")   " ".      "-o ( 1-3-5)"     "-m ( 1-3-4)".
     " "           .                 11.

       " "        ""        .        ""            .
    ""     ""    " ".     "" "" ""  ""    " " "" "-1"  "-4"    " ".
            ""  ""     " ".         "".      ""         .      ""           " ".
               " ".

12.2.2   

    " "      .      :
1)  "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"  .
2)   " "    "".  "".   "s ( 2-3-4)" .
3)      " "   "-s ( 2-3-4)".

    " ".
  :
1.    (   :  +).
2.  
  1)  
  2)   
  3)    
3.  ""
4.  ""

            " (-4-5)"  "- (-1-2)".     " " " "  "  "  "   "  "-1"  "-4".

      "-e ( 1-5)  "-z ( 1-3-5-6)".

12.2.2.1    

       +.        +.    "".      +.   ""      +.
       "-1" "-4".      "".   " (-4-5)"    "" "".
              "-t ( 2-3-4-5)".

12.2.2.2   

          ""   " ".      ""  .
      " "      .

1.  :  3-4-5
2.  :  1-2-6
3.   : -  
4.   : -  

12.2.2.3     

          NIMAS .    "".    ""  " ".

       ""          NIMAS .

     NIMAS    "" "" "" "  " "".          : ""  "img". "desc"   ""  "  ". "cap"  "". "tdt"  "".

12.2.3  - 

    "-"        .  "-M ( 1-3-4)"  ""  "".  "-4"     "-"  ""  "-".     "-"   "-i ( 2-4)".  "-"     "-"    .         "  "      "  "  "".         " (-4-5)"  "- (-1-2)".      " " " " " " " " " "  " ".      "  "  "  ".       "-1"  "-4".       ""  ""    .

12.2.4  

         "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"  ""  "".  "-4"     ""  ""  "".     "-z ( 1-3-5-6)"    "".      "   .   Ͽ   ""   ""            ""   ""     "".

12.3 

       ""               .     ""  "-m ( 1-3-4)"   "d ( 1-4-5)".       "/ " " " " " " " " " "  " " " " " "  " "  ".       "-1"  "-4".           "".

12.3.1    

        "/ "   "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"    ""  "".   "-4"   "/ "   "".     "/ "      "".          "-1-2-3"  "-1-3".        "-4-5-6"  "-4-6".

12.3.2    

            "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"     ""  "".   "-4"   " "  " "  "".     ɡ ɡ  ɡ  ɡ      " 6" " 3" " 4"  " 1"  .
                   ""   ""   .         ""  ""         .

12.3.3    

            "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"   ""  "".   "-4"   " " " "  "  "  "".             "-3-4-5"  "-1-2-6"     .           "-g ( 1-2-4-5)".     "  "        "   "         .  ""       .

12.3.4    

            "-m ( 1-3-4)  "F2"    ""  "".   "-4"   " "  " "  "".            " 1"  " 5".      " 5-6)"  " 2-3".        3      1        1      1 .

12.3.5     

       .
1.          .
2.     ( +)     .

       "5 " "10 " "30 " "1 " "3 " "5 " "10 " "15 " "20 " "30 "  "1 ".

         :
1)  " 1-2".      " 1-2"        5 10  30 ɺ   30 .
2)     .

         :
1)  " 4-5".      " 1-2"        5 10  30 ɺ   30 .
2)     .

         .
1.   :  " 2-3-6".    "5 "      5 .
2.   :  " 3-5-6".    "5 "      5 .

12.3.6     

       .
1.          .
2.     ( +)     .

       "" "" ""  "".

         :
1)  " 1-2".      " 1-2"        "" "" ""  "".
2)     .

         :
1)  " 4-5".      " 4-5"        "" "" "" "".
2)     .

             :
1.   :  " 2-3-6".    ""     .
2.   :  " 3-5-6".    ""     .

12.4  

       " "               .    " "   "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"     "m ( 1-3-4)".
       " "    : "  " "  " "  " "   "  "  ".        "-1"  "-4".

12.4.1    

    "  "           .                    "  ".        ""  " "     "  "   "-4"     "".      "p ( 1-2-3-4)"  "  ".   ""  "  ".          "-3"     .

12.4.2    

    "  "           .                 "  ".        ""  " "     "  "   "-4"   "".      "n ( 1-3-4-5)"  "  ".   ""  "  ".          "-6"    .

12.4.3    

               .        "  ".         "-m ( 1-3-4)".        "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2".    ""  " ".  "-4"   "  "     "".    "m ( 1-3-4)"     " ".   " "   "   :."           1  1000.
 
12.4.4     

               "-6"  "-3"  / .            "--j ( 2-4-5)".           "-m ( 1-3-4)"    "F2".     "-4"   " "   "".     "j ( 2-4-5)"     " ".     "   "      "    :."         .               .

12.4.5    

         "  "   "-d ( 1-4-5)".        "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2".   "-4"   "  "  "".         "    "."              .                    "".

 12.5 

       ""                   .    ""   "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"     "h ( 1-3-5)".     : " " " " " " " " " " " " "  "  "  ".          "-1"  "-4".

12.5.1    

               "".      ޡ     "-5" "-2" "-2-3"  "-5-6"  .

                     .                   .            ""  ""      .        .

12.5.2    

             .

         :
1)  "-h ( 1-2-5)"    .
2)  " : xx  : yy.     :".
3)        .
4)  "".
5)         .

12.5.3    

                "  "   "  "   "-f ( 1-2-4)".             " :"   " :"  ""  "".        " (- 4-5)"  "- (- 1-2)".
      " :"        .     ""  ""   " "    "".

12.5.4    

           (  )      .         " "  " "   "".

       (  "-m ( 1-3-4)"   "h ( 1-2-5")")      (   )   "--w ( 2-4-5-6)".            .   "-n ( 1-3-4-5)"          .     " "          .            ""  "" .            .        "-e ( 1-5)"  "-z ( 1-3-5-6)".         .

12.5.5    

                   .

        :
1)  "-m ( 1-3-4)"  "F2"  .
2)  "".
3)  "-4"   "".
4)  ""  "".   "h ( 1-2-5)".
5)  " ".
6)  "-4"   "  ".
7)  ""  "  ".   "s ( 2-3-4)".

             "-s ( 2-3-4)".

     :  "  "    ".  "    "  .
1.  .
2.  .
3. .
4. .

           " (-4-5)"  "- (-1-2)".

        :
1)          " ".      .
              "     ".
2)  " (-4-5)"   " ".     "".         ""  "".     "".
- :         .
- :         .
3)    " "  "".   " (-4-5)"   "".  ""  "".
4)       .

      "  "  ""  "".   "-z ( 1-3-5-6)".

12.6    


/ : 
   " -1-3  -1-2-3
   : -4-6  -4-5-6
 :  3-4-5
 :  1-2-6
   : -  
   : -  

  
   "  6      ""
   :  3      ""
    :  4
    :  1

  
   : -3-4-5
   : -1-2-6
  : -g ( 1-2-4-5)

  
 :  2
 :  5
  :  2-3
  :  5-6

  
   : -5      ""
   : -2      ""
   : -5-6
   : -2-3
    : -w ( 2-4-5-6)
       : -n ( 1-3-4-5)
   : -h ( 1-2-5)
  : -s ( 2-3-4)


  : -f ( 1-2-4)
  : -f ( 1-2-4)
 : -n ( 1-3-4-5)
 : -w ( 2-4-5-6)

  
     : -m ( 1-3-4)
    : -6
    : -3
  : -d ( 1-4-5)

  
   : -1-2-5-6
  : -o ( 1-3-5)
 : -s ( 2-3-4)
    : -t ( 2-3-4-5)
  : -i ( 2-4)

